NEEM AS A HERBAL FERTILIZER

100% ORGANIC / NATURAL FERTILIZER

In the modern era scientists and government institutions are trying to look for environmental clean fertilizer / pesticides for enriching the nature. But resources for the same are very limited whatever sources available are not sufficient to meet the demand of the country. In the circumstances Shalimar International is introducing a neem based herbal fertilizer and pesticides to the UAE.  This is the only environmental free fertilizer, the use of which will purify the atmospheric air destroying the unwanted germs and bacteria. As the neem herbal fertilizer has insecticides effect it kills all soil insects and nematodes surrounding the root system of the plant. This fertilizer can be used as an atmospheric cleanser in crowded places, where the air polluted with germs and is a fertile media for diseases. Neem herbal fertilizer is processed from the neem seeds. It contains major plant nutrients such as: - Nitrogen 7 8% Phosphorus 3 4% Potassium 3 4% It also acts as a soil conditioner improving aeration and moisture holding capacity of the soil. It adds organic matter content to the soil when used in the garden and lawn. Nutrients found in the neem herbal fertilizer are in the organic form and are released slowly over a long period of time. Major nutrients (NPK) available in the neem herbal fertilizer become available to the roots of the plants as need by the plant. source: http://www.shalimarherbals.com/neem.htm

NEEM PESTICIDE EXTRACT

Bioactive components PESTISIDAL neem, EXTRACTION 

And its efficacy against thrips pests 

BIOACTIVE COMPONENT'S OF PESTICIDES Neem, Extraction 

Thrips TO INTERNATIONAL EFFICACIOUS 

Sapto Priyadi *) 

ABSTRACT 

The objective of this research was showing to Pesticide efficacious of neem leaf from manipulation of solvent polarity and extract dilutions to thrips. 

Neem leaf extraction was based on six solvent's polarity on extract, ie pure methanol, with methanol-water comparson (1:1), (2:1), (3:1), (4:1), (5:1) and combinated to extract dilutions, iethick extract, dilutions (20 times, 25 times and 30 times). 

The results of this research showed: 1) the highest percentage of mortality pest (89.193%) be found on M0C0 (Pure methanol solvent and extract thick) on the first day after treatment. That treatment are significant difference to other treatments. 2) On the secound day after treatment to That showed highest percentage of pest mortality (100%) be found on M0C0 (Pure methanol solvent and extract thick), M4C1 (methanol-water - and 4:1 dilutions 20 times) and M5C0 (methanol-water - and the thick extract 5:1). On the third day after treatment to That showed highest percentage of pest mortality (100%) be found on M0C0 (Pure methanol solvent and extract thick), and percentage of mortality lowerest pest (82.77%) be found on M4C3 (methanol-water - and 4:1 dilutions 30 times). There are treatments non significant difference. 

Key words: Neem, Bioactive and Thrips. 

*) Lecturer Department Agroteknologi Tunas Development Faculty of Agriculture University of Surakarta. 

INTRODUCTION 

A. Solvent Polarity 

Bio-active components are secondary metabolites, which form chemical compounds which can be either simple or complex, so that the extraction solvent selection should be done selectively, ie only solvent that can dissolve the bioactive compounds or components to be extracted or separated. The main product from the extraction in general is to extract, the solvent mixture with a soluble bioactive components. Total extract obtained can be manipulated by adjusting the equilibrium of the solvent polarity. 

Neem is a plant that produces toxic metabolites in plant tissues. Toxic metabolite in question is the bioactive component (azadirachtin, salannin, nimbin and meliantriol) that can act as killer substance, repellent substances and substances inhibiting the growth of pest organisms (pests). 

Extraction of bioactive components that are common pestisidal undertaken by farmers and social institutions of society in general is to use water as solvent. In the case viewed from the side of the equilibrium apabia polarity, the polarity of water is very polar, while the bioactive components, which generally represents the equilibrium alkaloids tend to non-polar polarity.Consequently the ability of water to extract bio-active components from plants are generally limited or in other words water limitations in mensuspensikan relatively low content of plant bioactives. Besides the water extract has a tendency not durable. According Redknap (1980) in Siswanto and Trisawa (1993) states that, aqueous extract of neem seed after three days the pH decreased to 4.2 and cause a stench. Results of other studies by Sapto (1999) stink on leaf extracts and neem seed water occurs at 60 hours after extraction, and extracts a lower pH is an indication of damage. 

The variety of extraction depends on the texture, water content in plant material is extracted and bio-active compounds as desired. Polarity is of significant importance in the extraction, so that a molecule can be attracted by other molecules that have a certain plaritas. In the extraction rate of charge separation in the positive and negative poles determine the degree of polarity. According to Harborne (1973), alcohol solvents used in the extraction equilibria for compounds that tend to be polar polarity, while the chloroform for non-polar compounds that also tends to separate the lipids and terpenoids. Similar to say, the basic ingredients of pesticides are classified in the high solubility of alkaloids in alcohol solvent. 

In piretrum seed extraction using ethanol, the active compound content of 0.935%, while the extraction using hexane 0.465%. This is because ethanol and bio-active compounds pestisidal piretrum equilibrium tends to the semi polar polarity, while hexane is not polar. On Annona fruit extraction, different materials used in the extraction solvent affect the results seen from the toxicity of bio-active compounds. Efficacy of bio-active compounds of methanol extracts of Annona Crocidolomia his binotalis LC50 at 0.057% (mean lethal concentration of the test bioesai 50% occurred in the bio-active compound concentration of 0.057%), while in his ekstrakair LC50 terjadai at 0.34%. This proves that the bio-active compounds Annona polarannya tend semi polar equilibrium which can be seen from the polarity of the solvent used, namely methanol (semi-polar), while the water is very polar polarity equilibrium. 

Solvent polarity can be seen from the constant dielektrikumnya, increasingly KEIL dieektrikumnya constant value means the material is non polar solvents, whereas the greater the value means the material constants dielektrikumnya it is likely a polar solvent. 24.30 dielectricum constant ethanol is smaller when compared with the constant of methanol so that methanol kestimbangan 33.60 dielektrikumnya inclined semi-polar polarity. Hexane constant of 1.89 means dielektrikumnya lowest kestimbangan polarity solvents are not polar, in contrast to the constant water dielektrikumnya 80.40 which means the highest equilibrium water is very polar polarity. 

In terms of manipulating the polarity of the solvent can be performed by mixing more than one material misibel solvent, eg methanol-water, water ethanol, chloroform-methanol and so forth.Subject was taken to approach the degree of polarization as a bio-active components that will be extracted. 

B. Bio-active components Pestisidal 

Neem seeds and leaves contain biologically active potential as bio-insecticides and based on research results effectively control the 200 species of insects including grasshoppers, Brown Planthopper, Colorado beetle, mosquito larva and parasitic nematodes (Shiva and Holla-Bhar, 1993). 

According to Shultz, et al., (1992) stated that the main content of bio-active extract derived from neem is azadirachtin, which has the ability as a pest controller. Neem has a broad spectrum, that is as repellent insecticides, inhibition of feeding activity, prevent ovulation, causing sterility, toxicity and growth inhibition activity. In addition, bio-active neem is selective, low toxicity caused trhadap birds, fish and mammals are also relatively short persistence in the environment and low impact on natural enemies and other beneficial insects as well as the possibility of pest resistance in organisms due to the use of neem products is reatif small, that progress is slow and unstable resistance (Randen and Roitberg, 1998). 

Bio-active components is believed azadirachtin affect neurosecretory cells in the brains of insects, which is causing chaos on the synthesis and distribution of neural hormones (inhibit acdysteroid, juvenile hormones, interfering with the process of setting up and development of the endocrine, anti feedant, kepridian and prevent ovulation (Chen, et al ., 1996). According to Stark and Walter, (1995) Neem can cause infertility, decreasing ability to live and to reduce the mobility of adult insects. 

Efficacy of bio-active neem (azadirachtin and salannin pure) which dinyatakandalam EC50 respectively at 0.29 and 72.0 ppm against pests of young larvae of Spodoptera litura (Kumar and Parmar, 1996). According to the research Sapto (2001) stated that antifedant effect of methanol extract (the extraction storey) of neem leaf against Plutella xylostella at 42 hours after treatment, leaf consumption caisiem only equal to (0.47 grams). 

RESEARCH METHOD 

A. Implementation Phase 

1. Making Extracts 

Neem leaf material obtained from greening plants that grow in the Holy highway. Extraction of bio-active components of neem leaves is based on the polarity method Harborne (1973). 

Extraction of bioactive components of neem leaves pestisidal origin as follows: 

2. Testing and Observations 

Research methods in the extraction and bioassay of bio-active components of the test insects using basic design is completely randomized. Research conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture, University of Surakarta, adding Tunas. 

The instrument used was a plastic bowl on the base were given five pieces of damp paper suction, then the container is inserted six adult Thrips insects follows a banyan leaf blade as the host. Botanical pesticide application made in accordance with the treatment, ie, every bowl of treatment on the leaf blade drops neem leaf extract as much as 5 drops. Containers used in the test bowl on top strimin covered with smooth, with a view as ventilation and the barrier so that pests do not test out of the container. these. 

Parameters observed in the bioassay test is a test insect death (Thrips), calculating the percentage of death / mortality seragga test (P) using the formula: 

Modified solvent is a treatment research, in order to manipulate the polarity of the solvent in dissolving the bio-active components of neem leaves. 

Material treatment solvent is composed of levels, namely: 

M0 = Materials pure methanol solvent 

M1 = Materials methanol-water 1:1 

M2 = Materials methanol-water ratio of 2:1 

M3 = Materials methanol-water ratio of 3:1 

M4 = Materials methanol-water ratio of 4:1 

M5 = Materials methanol-water ratio of 5:1 

Bio-essay treatment neem leaf extract against the test insect Thrips, treatment consists of five levels, namely: 

C0 = neem extract without dilution 

C1 = neem extract diluted 20 times 

C2 = neem extract diluted 25 times 

C3 = neem extract diluted 30 times 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

Efficacy of botanical pesticides (neem leaf extract) against pest Thrips mortality, on the first day of observation are presented in Table 1. 

Table 1. Duncan's multiple range test of the efficacy of neem leaf extract (solvent material combination with dilution) of mortality (%) Thrips pests. 

Treatment Purata 

M0C0 89.193 

9.497 a 

M2C0 63.176 

8.011 ab 

M4C1 57.385 

7.641 ab 

M4C0 57.049 

7.619 ab 

M5C2 47.637 

6.974 abc 

M5C0 47.581 

6.970 abc 

M3C0 44.576 

6.751 abc 

M1C0 43.276 

6.654 abc 

M5C1 36.064 

6.088 abcd 

M5C3 33.916 

5.909 abcd 

M3C2 32.838 

5.817 abcd 

M3C1 32.640 

5.800 abcd 

M2C1 24.715 

5.071 bcde 

M2C2 20.781 

4.667 cdef 

M0C1 11.201 

3.493 cdef 

M0C2 9.195 

3.193 cdef 

3783 M4C2 

2.187 def 

M4C3 0.000 

1.000 f 

M3C3 0.000 

1.000 f 

M2C3 0.000 

1.000 f 

M1C3 0.000 

1.000 f 

M1C2 0.000 

1.000 f 

M1C1 0.000 

1.000 f 

M0C3 0.000 

1.000 f 

Table 2. Duncan's multiple range test of the efficacy of neem leaf extract (solvent material) to death (%) pest Thrips on 1 day after treatment. 

Solvent Purata 

M5 6.485 a 

M3 4.842 ab 

M2 4.687 b 

M4 4.657 b 

M0 4.313 b 

M1 2.414 c 

Table 3. Duncan's multiple range test of the efficacy of neem leaf extract (dilution) of mortality (%) pest Thrips on 1 day after treatment. 

Dilution Purata 

C0 7.584 a 

C1 4.849 b 

C2 3.973 b 

C3 1.860 c 

Based on statistical analysis of the efficacy of neem leaf extract on the first day after the treatment of death (%) pest Thrips show that the highest mortality percentage was reached at M0C0 treatment (combination of pure methanol with a solvent without extract dilutions) of 89.193%. These treatments showed significantly different with treatment (M2C0), (M4C1) and (M4C0) successive (63.176%), (57.385%) and (57.049%). 

This evidence shows that the organic solvent methanol has the ability to kill insect pests Thrips, addresses can be seen in the treatment neem leaf is extracted using a combination of pure methanol with a solvent without dilution (M0C0). Another reality show that treatment neem leaf is extracted using a solvent combination of methanol - water (4: 1) by diluting 20 times (M4C1), efficacy against pests Thrips (% mortality) is at 57.049%. About the show that manipulation of solvent polarity as the polarity approach attempts pestisidal bioactive components in order pestisidal soluble bioactive components approaching the maximum. The results of this study according to Harborne (1973), which states that the polarity is of significant importance in the extraction, so that a molecule can be attracted by other molecules that have a certain plaritas. 

Based on the analysis of variance (factors tungggal) showed that the interaction between a solvent with dilution, this matter indicate that the efficacy of neem leaf extracts are extracted with solvents (methanol with various manipulations polarity) was significantly influenced by the level of extract dilutions. 

Efficacy of botanical pesticides (neem leaf extract) against pest Thrips mortality, on the second day of observation are presented in Table 4. 

Table 4. Duncan's multiple range test of the efficacy of neem leaf extract (solvent material combination with dilution) of mortality (%) Thrips pests. 

Treatment Purata 

M5C0 100.00 

10.050 

M4C1 100.00 

10.050 

M0C0 100.00 

10.050 

M0C2 95.24 

9.804 

M3C0 88.89 

9.442 

M0C1 88.89 

9.442 

M4C0 88.33 

9.436 

M3C1 87.50 

9.392 

M2C0 86.67 

9.303 

M1C0 86.67 

9.303 

M1C2 80.56 

8.998 

M5C2 77.78 

8.873 

M5C1 76.79 

8.809 

M4C2 75.64 

8.673 

M0C3 72.59 

8.443 

M5C3 70.48 

8.440 

M3C2 68.89 

8.226 

M4C3 66.67 

8.111 

M3C3 72.22 

8.101 

M2C1 66.67 

8.045 

M2C2 62.22 

7.949 

M2C3 61.11 

7.864 

M1C3 61.11 

7.684 

M1C1 41.11 

6.468 

Note: Figures in a row which followed the same notation was not significant at 5% level. 

Figures in bold after x +1 transformed Ö 

Table 5. Duncan's multiple range test of the efficacy of neem leaf extract (solvent material) to death (%) pest Thrips in two days after treatment. 

Solvent Purata 

M0 9.435 

M4 9.067 

M5 9.043 

M3 8.790 

M2 8.290 

M1 8.113 

Table 6. Duncan's multiple range test of the efficacy of neem leaf extract (dilution) of mortality (%) pest Thrips in two days after treatment. 

Dilution Purata 

C0 9.597 a 

C1 8.701 ab 

C2 8.754 ab 

C3 8.107 c 

Based on statistical analysis of the efficacy of neem leaf extract on the second day after the treatment of death (%) pest Thrips show that the highest mortality percentage was reached at M0C0 treatment (combination of pure methanol solvent extract without dilution), M4C1 (a combination of methanol - water ( 4: 1) by diluting the extract 20 times) and M5C0 (a combination of methanol - water (5: 1) with no dilution of the extract) have the same ability of efficacy (100%). About the show that manipulation of solvent polarity as the polarity approach attempts pestisidal bioactive components in order pestisidal soluble bioactive components approaching the maximum. The results of this study according to Harborne (1973), which states that the polarity is of significant importance in the extraction, so that a molecule can be attracted by other molecules that have a certain plaritas. Similar to say, the basic ingredients of pesticides are classified in the high solubility of alkaloids in alcohol solvent (Shultz, 1992). 

Based on the analysis of variance, between combination treatment showed the influence diversity patterns that are not real. In the analysis of variance (factors tungggal) shows that the lack of interaction between a solvent with dilution, this matter indicate that the efficacy of neem leaf extracts are extracted with solvents (methanol with different polarity manipulation) was not significantly influenced by the level of extract dilutions. Solvent polarity (ratio of methanol - water) up to 5: 1, showed no significant effect. However, the level (standard) dilution of the extract showed significant effect on mortality of insect pest Thrips. 

Results of statistical analysis above shows that, the second day after treatment neem leaf extract, insect pest Thrips mortality is caused more by differences in level of extract dilutions. The highest influence on the level achieved without diluting the extract (C0 = 91.102%), followed by 20 times dilution level (C1 = 74.707%) and lowest levels achieved at 30 times dilution extract (C3 = 64.723%). Subject showed that the concentration of bioactive components pestisidal content affects the efficacy / ability in controlling the pest Thrips, which is reflected in the percentage of pest mortality. 

Efficacy of botanical pesticides (neem leaf extract) against pest Thrips mortality, on the third day of observation are presented in Table 7. 

Table 7. Duncan's multiple range test of the efficacy of neem leaf extract (solvent material combination with dilution) of mortality (%) Thrips pests. 

Treatment Purata 

M5C3 100.00 

10.050 

M5C0 100.00 

10.050 

M4C1 100.00 

10.050 

M3C3 100.00 

10.050 

M3C2 100.00 

10.050 

M3C1 100.00 

10.050 

M3C0 100.00 

10.050 

M2C3 100.00 

10.050 

M2C0 100.00 

10.050 

M1C3 100.00 

10.050 

M0C3 100.00 

10.050 

M0C2 100.00 

10.050 

M0C1 100.00 

10.050 

M0C0 100.00 

10.050 

M1C2 97.22 

9.909 

M2C2 93.33 

9.700 

M1C0 93.33 

9.700 

M4C0 92.50 

9.666 

M5C2 91.67 

9.606 

M4C3 91.67 

9.606 

M2C1 88.89 

9.442 

M1C1 88.89 

9.442 

M5C1 86.31 

9.323 

M4C2 80.77 

8.950 

Note: Figures in a row which followed the same notation indicates not significantly different at 5% level. 

Figures in bold after x +1 transformed Ö 

Table 8. Duncan's multiple range test of the efficacy of neem leaf extract (solvent material) to death (%) pest Thrips on the third day after treatment. 

Solvent Purata 

M3 10 050 

M0 10 050 

M2 9810 

M1 9775 

M5 9757 

M4 9568 

Table 9. Duncan's multiple range test of the efficacy of neem leaf extract (dilution) of mortality (%) pest Thrips on the third day after treatment. 

Dilution Purata 

C0 7.537 

7.472 C1 

C2 7.222 

C3 7.274 

Based on statistical analysis of the efficacy of neem leaf extract on the third day after treatment of death (%) pest Thrips show that the highest mortality percentage was reached at M0C0 treatment (combination of pure methanol with a solvent without extract dilutions) of 100% and achieved the lowest percentage of deaths in treatment M4C2 (a combination of methanol - water (4: 1) by diluting the extract 25 times) which is 80.77%. About the show that manipulation of solvent polarity as the polarity approach attempts pestisidal bioactive components in order pestisidal soluble bioactive components approaching the maximum. The results of this study according to Harborne (1973), which states that the polarity is of significant importance in the extraction, so that a molecule can be attracted by other molecules that have a certain plaritas.Similar to say, the basic ingredients of pesticides are classified in the high solubility of alkaloids in alcohol solvent (Shultz, 1992). 

Based on the analysis of variance, between combination treatment showed the influence diversity patterns that are not real. In the analysis of variance (single factor) showed that the lack of interaction between a solvent with dilution, this matter indicate that the efficacy of neem leaf extracts are extracted with solvents (methanol with different polarity manipulation) was not significantly influenced by the level of extract dilutions. 

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

A. Conclusion 

1. Efficacy of neem leaf bioactive components on the first day of observation, the results of extraction using methanol at different levels of polarity manipulation combined with different level of dilution of the extract significantly affect the death of the test insect (Thrips). Results showed that, purata combination treatment reached the highest point on pure methanol with a solvent without extract dilutions (M0C0 = 89.193%), whereas the lowest purata contained in the combination treatment solvent methanol - water (4: 1) the degree of dilution of the extract 30 times ( M4C3 = 0.00%). 

2. Efficacy of neem leaf bioactive components on the second day of observation, the results of extraction using methanol at different levels of polarity manipulation combined with different level of dilution of the extract significantly influence the deaths of test pests (Thrips). Results showed that, purata combination treatment reached the highest point on pure methanol with a solvent without extract dilutions (M0C0 = 100.00%), whereas the lowest purata contained in the combination treatment solvent methanol - water (4: 1) the degree of dilution of the extract 30times (M1C1 = 41.11%). 

3. Efficacy of neem leaf bioactive components on the third day of observation, the results of extraction using methanol at different levels of polarity manipulation combined with different level of dilution of the extract significantly affect the death of the test insect (Thrips). Results showed that, purata combination treatment reached the highest point on pure methanol with a solvent without extract dilutions (M0C0 = 100.00%), whereas the lowest purata contained in the combination treatment solvent methanol - water (4: 1) the degree of dilution of the extract 30times (M4C2 = 82.77%). 

B. Suggestion 

The research we are doing this new limited study conducted in the laboratory, in order to obtain the real picture in the field and the research results will be more beneficial to the farm community, we suggest that continued study in the field of production. 

REFERENCES 

Chen, C., Dong, D., Cheng,. and Hou, R.F., 1996. Detterent Effect of Neem Seed Kernel Extract on Oviposition of The Oriental FruitFy in Guava. J. of Econ. Entomol. 9 (2): 462-466. 

Geissman, T.A. and Crout, D.H.G., 1996. Organic Chemistry of Secondary Plant Metabolism.Freeman, Cooper & Company San Francisco, California: 591p. 

Harborne, 1973. Phytochemichal Methods a Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis.John Wiley and Sons. Inc. New York: 354p. 

Isman, M.B., Koul, O., Luczynski, A. and kominski, J., 1990. Insecticidal and Antifeedant Bioactivities of Neem Oils and on their relationship to azadirachtin content. J. Agric. Food Chem.38: 1406-1411. 

Prijono, D. and Hermanu, E., 1993. Population Supression of Plutella xylostella and Crocidolomia binotalis on Broccoli with Neem Oils. Indon. J. Tropic. Agric. 4 (2): 39-46. 

Sapto, P., 1999. Natural Plant bioactive efficacy against Phaedonia Emphasis on Soybean Plant Damage (not published) Fak. Agriculture-UTP. 73p. 

Sapto, P., 2001. Active components of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica), Extraction and inhibition activity against Plutella xylostella Eat. Agrosains, 14 (3): 261-272. 

-Van Randen, E.J. and Roitberg, B.D., 1998. Effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Based on Oviposition Deterrence Insecticide, Survivel, Behavior and Reproduction of Adult Western Chery Fly (Tephritidae). J. of Econ. Entomol. 91 (1): 122-131. 

Shiva, V. and holla-Bhar, R., 1993. Intellectual Piracy and the Neem Tree. The Ecologist. 23 (6): 223-227. 

Shultz, Jr.BS, Bhatnager, D., Jacobson, M., Metcalf, RL, Saxena, RC and Unander, D., 1992.Neem. Report of an AD Hoc Panel of the Board on Scienceand Tech. For International Development, the National ResearchCouncil-National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 141p. 

Stark. J.D. and Walter, J.F., 1995. Neem and Neem Oils Components Affect the Efficacy of the Commercial Neem Insecticides. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43: 507-512.